摘要This study explored the performance of unbound aggregate materials (UAM). Repeated load tests of single-size, two-size mixed, and three-size mixed gravels were conducted using the precision unbounded material analyzer (PUMA) in single-stage loading mode (SSLM) and multi-stage loading mode (MSLM). The permanent deformation and elastic modulus of the first 400 loading cycles were analyzed under the two loading modes. The modulus of PUMA repeated load tests was compared with modulus models of the repeated CBR test and with constant confining pressure (CCP) and variable confining pressure (VCP) models of the repeated load triaxial test. The results of MSLM showed that the permanent deformation of single-size gravel increased rapidly when the loading strength was lower than 340 kPa and then decreased. The maximum permanent deformation of the mixed gravels appeared as the loading strength was lower than 200 kPa. The increment of permanent deformation tended to single-peak with the large-size aggregate. The loading strength only slightly affected the permanent deformation once it reached a certain extent. The initial-stage permanent deformation of SSLM was the main part of the total, and the proportion increased with the increase in loading strength. A slight difference was observed between the single-size and mixed gravel when the loading strength was under 240 kPa. Then, the permanent deformation of single-size gravel increased rapidly. The permanent deformation of MSLM was smaller than that of SSLM. MSLM can improve the carrying capacity of the unbound materials and reveal the principle of three-stage compaction for UAM. Although the calculated equivalent modulus of the full-friction model was lower than those of the existing studies, it presented the same tendency and was appropriate for the calculation of modulus. The elastic modulus of CCP model was the largest among the four models, and the growth rate of elastic modulus was the highest for VCP model. The effect of confining pressure on the modulus increased with increasing loading strength.
Abstract:This study explored the performance of unbound aggregate materials (UAM). Repeated load tests of single-size, two-size mixed, and three-size mixed gravels were conducted using the precision unbounded material analyzer (PUMA) in single-stage loading mode (SSLM) and multi-stage loading mode (MSLM). The permanent deformation and elastic modulus of the first 400 loading cycles were analyzed under the two loading modes. The modulus of PUMA repeated load tests was compared with modulus models of the repeated CBR test and with constant confining pressure (CCP) and variable confining pressure (VCP) models of the repeated load triaxial test. The results of MSLM showed that the permanent deformation of single-size gravel increased rapidly when the loading strength was lower than 340 kPa and then decreased. The maximum permanent deformation of the mixed gravels appeared as the loading strength was lower than 200 kPa. The increment of permanent deformation tended to single-peak with the large-size aggregate. The loading strength only slightly affected the permanent deformation once it reached a certain extent. The initial-stage permanent deformation of SSLM was the main part of the total, and the proportion increased with the increase in loading strength. A slight difference was observed between the single-size and mixed gravel when the loading strength was under 240 kPa. Then, the permanent deformation of single-size gravel increased rapidly. The permanent deformation of MSLM was smaller than that of SSLM. MSLM can improve the carrying capacity of the unbound materials and reveal the principle of three-stage compaction for UAM. Although the calculated equivalent modulus of the full-friction model was lower than those of the existing studies, it presented the same tendency and was appropriate for the calculation of modulus. The elastic modulus of CCP model was the largest among the four models, and the growth rate of elastic modulus was the highest for VCP model. The effect of confining pressure on the modulus increased with increasing loading strength.
基金资助:Supported by the National Science & Technology Support Program the 12th Five-year Plan Period (No. 2014BAG05B04); the Industry of Transportation High-level Technical Talent Training Project (No.213021160088); the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation Project of Chang'an University (No.310821165010)
通讯作者:
LI Ning
E-mail: lining_sn@163.com
引用本文:
李宁, 马骉, 李瑞, 司伟. 基于PUMA的单级和多级加载模式下级配碎石性能研究[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(2): 1-12.
LI Ning, MA Biao, LI Rui, SI Wei. Performance of Unbound Aggregate Materials under Single-stage and Multi-stage Loading Modes Based on Precision Unbounded Material Analyzer. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(2): 1-12.
[1] GAO Qi-ju, YAO Zu-kang. Study on Design Index and Model for Controlling Permanent Deformation of Granular Base Course[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2016, 33(5):39-45. (in Chinese)
[2] LI Shao-hui,GUO Zhong-yin. Applicability and Verification of Unbotmd Granular Material Elastic Deformation Constitutive Model[J]. Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science, 2016, 44(8):1227-1233. (in Chinese)
[3] ERLINGSSON S, RAHMAN M S. Evaluation of Permanent Deformation Characteristics of Unbound Granular Materials by Means of Multistage Repeated-load Triaxial Tests[J]. Transport Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2013, 2369, 11-19.
[4] RAHMAN M.S, ERLINGSSON S. Predicting Permanent Deformation Behaviour of Unbound Granular Materials[J]. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2015, 16(7):587-601.
[5] WANG Long, MENG Shu-tao, XU Quan-liang. Study on the Design Parameter of Graded Macadam Base[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2006, 23(8):22-27.
[6] LEKARP F, ISACSSON U, DAWSON A. State of the Art. Ⅱ:Permanent Strain Response of Unbound Aggregates[J]. Journal of transportation engineering, 2000, 126(1):76-83.
[7] HUANG Y H. Pavement Analysis and Design[M]. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson Education, 2004.
[8] CERNI G, CARDONE F, VIRGILI A, et al. Characterisation of Permanent Deformation Behaviour of Unbound Granular Materials under Repeated Triaxial Loading[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 28(1):79-87.
[9] HORNYCH P, ABSAMAD A E. Selection and Evaluation of Models for Prediction of Permanent Deformations of Unbound Granular Materials in Road Pavements[R]. Paris:Competitive and Sustainable Growth Programme, 2004.
[10] JIN Gang. Laboratory Study of Triaxial Test on Graded Broken Stone[D]. Dalian:Dalian University of Technology, 2007. (in Chinese)
[11] CHEN Qing-cun, WANG Long, WANG De-yin. Study on Pavement Performance of Lime flyash Micro bonded Graded Aggregates[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2009, 26(11):31-35. (in Chinese)
[12] ARAYA A,MOLENAAR A,HOUBEN L. Characterization of Unbound Granular Materials Using Repeated Load CBR and Triaxial Testing[J]. GeoShanghai 2010 International Conference.[S. l.]:American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010:355-363.
[13] MOHAJERANI A, BAO T N, GLAVACEVIC L. Estimation of Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Materials Using Clegg Impact Value and Field Stress Levels[J]. Transportation Geotechnics, 2016(7):115-129.
[14] LIU Xing. Research on Grade Method and Resilient Modulus of Unbound Aggregate Base[D]. Xi'an:Chang'an University, 2007. (in Chinese)
[15] XIAO Yuan-jie, TUTUMLUER E. Performance Checks for Unbound Aggregate Base Permanent Deformation Prediction Models under Dynamic Stress States Induced by Moving Wheel Loading[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2016, 143:979-990.
[16] THOM N H, COOPER A, GRAFTON P, et al. A New Test for Base Material Characterisation[C]//Proceedings of the International Symposium on Heavy Duty Asphalt Pavements and Bridge Deck Pavements.[S. l.]:International Society for Asphalt Pavements, 2012:12-097.
[17] TIAN Er-bu, MA Biao, LU Xue-min, et al. Vibration Analysis on Coarse Aggregate Gradation of Interlocking-Dense Cement Concrete[J]. Concrete, 2008(3):77-79. (in Chinese)
[18] MA Biao, TIAN Er-bu, LU Xue-min, et al. Test Analysis on Coarse Aggregate Interlocking-dense Structure of Cement Concrete[J]. Journal of China & Foreign Highway, 2008, 28(6):217-220. (in Chinese)
[19] JTG E42. The Methods of Aggregate for Highway Engineering[S]. (in Chinese)
[20] EN 13286-7. Unbound and Hydraulically Bound Mixtures-Part 7:Cyclic Load Triaxial Test for Unbound Mixtures[S].
[21] WERKMEISTER S, DAWSON A R, WELLNER F. Permanent Deformation Behaviour of Granular Materials[J]. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2005, 6(1):31-51.
[22] EL-BASYOUNY M M, WITCZAK M, KALOUSH K. Development of the Permanent Deformation Models for the 2002 Design Guide[C]//the Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C.:TRB,2005.
[23] HUANG Bao-tao, ZHANG Min-si, YONG Jun. Numerical Simulation of Irregular Particle Micro-response under Vibrating Compressive Load by DEM[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2009, 26(07):7-12. (in Chinese)
[24] OPIYO T O. A Mechanistic Approach to Laterite-based Pavements[D]. Delft, Netherlands:International Institute for Infrastructure, 1995.
[25] SIMONSEN E, ISACSSON U. Soil Behavior during Freezing and Thawing Using Variable and Constant Confining Pressure Triaxial Tests[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2001, 38(4):863-875.
[26] RONDON H A, WICHTMANN T, TRIANTAFYLLIDIS T, et al. Comparison of Cyclic Triaxial Behavior of Unbound Granular Material under Constant and Variable Confining Pressure[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2009, 135(7):467-478.
[1]
钟科, 孙明志, 孙晟凯. 道路势能开发利用技术综述[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(3): 1-7.
[2]
许海亮, 孙金斗, 任合欢, 覃吉宁. 考虑路面不平整度因素的车路耦合非线性数值模型的建立[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(3): 8-13.
[3]
张卫亮, 李亮, 张军, 叶敏, 马骉. 高原寒区冷补料加热搅拌装置设计及仿真与验证[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(3): 14-21.
[4]
李鹏, 郭敏, 刘世杰, 徐继维. 汽车振动作用下黄土阶状坡动力响应规律[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(3): 33-43.
[5]
蔡俊华. 反复水位作用下深厚滩涂路基沉降及预测研究[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(3): 22-32.
[6]
许海亮, 任合欢, 何兆才, 何炼. 车路耦合条件下沥青混凝土路面变形特性时域分析[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(2): 13-19.
[7]
杜健欢, 艾长发, 黄超, 郭玉金, 蒋运兵. 界面水对沥青复合小梁疲劳性能的影响试验[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(1): 1-7.
[8]
姚国强, 言志信, 龙哲, 翟聚云. 基于岩质边坡相似材料的锚固界面剪应力分布规律研究[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(1): 8-15.
[9]
刘泽, 何矾, 黄天棋, 蒋梅东. 车辆荷载在挡土墙上引起的附加土压力研究[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2019, 13(1): 16-23.
[10]
邱欣, 徐静娴, 陶钰强, 杨青. 路面结冰条件判别标准及SVM预测分析研究[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2018, 12(4): 1-9.
[11]
高伟, 崔巍, 李秀凤. 半刚性基层表面抗冲刷性能试验与分析[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2018, 12(4): 10-17.
[12]
张向东, 任昆. 煤渣改良土路基的动弹性模量及临界动应力试验研究[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2018, 12(4): 25-32.
[13]
刘栋, 尚小亮, 杨西海. 垃圾焚烧炉渣中可溶盐对水泥稳定材料性能的影响[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2018, 12(4): 18-24.
[14]
李龙海, 杨茹. 多次加铺的复合道面疲劳寿命分析[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2018, 12(3): 7-15.
[15]
蔡旭, 李翔, 吴旷怀, 黄文柯. 基于旋转压实的水泥稳定再生集料设计方法研究[J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2018, 12(3): 1-6.